Now we are going to see to different examples
of safety weakness that lead to accidents
in oil industry.
The first one was the Texas City Refinery explosion.
That happened on March 23 in 2005
when a hydrocarbon vapor cloud was ignited
and violently exploded at the isometrization process unit
at BP's Texas City Refinery,
killing 15 people and injuring 180 others
and obviously, severely damaging the refinery.
And investigation board was made
and or established. This investigation board,
that was the Baker panel, reported 10 different key points
in order to strength the process safety
in BP's refineries in the USA.
The first key point was that BP management has to demonstrate
commitment with process safety. They have to have a clear message
on the importance of process safety.
And also they have to match that clear message
with both the policies they adopt and also the actions they take.
The second point was that process safety has to be comprehensive.
This means that a weak or fragmented system
will not address all of the numerous safety risks
that exist in BP's U.S. refineries.
The third one was that BP should seek advice and support
with external groups with appropriate process safety expertise
to help them to design, develop and implement this process safety.
Forth was the process safety culture.
BP should ensure that mechanisms exist that effectively promote
and facilitate two-way communication between BP managers
and all relevant stakeholders.
Fifth was that the ultimate accountability
and responsibility cannot be delegated and rests at the top of the organization.
BP must strengthen accountability and responsibility
for process safety performance in all the executive management.
Sixth was related to support for line management.
What they say is that BP should designate and establish
a full-time leader for process safety.
And this leader should report to a refining line manager
above the refinery level.
Also leading and lagging performance indicators
for process safety.
What they said is that they had like six months to develop and implement
all what the report said,
in order to have a reasonable set of integrated performance indicators.
Obviously there should be a process safety auditing
and the investigation board it self
would be for a period of approximately five years
engaged in an independent monitor to report annually on BP's progress
regarding process safety.
And finally the board stated that BP should become
an industry leader,
a well-known as industry leader in process safety management.
Now let's talk about Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
that began on April 20, in 2010.
If you remember that day in the Gulf of Mexico
there was a BP-operated Macondo Prospect.
There was a huge explosion that killed 11 people
and it produced what it was considered the largest marine oil spill
in the history of the petroleum industry.
The US Government estimated that a total discharge
of approximately 4.9 million barrels was made.
So after several failed efforts to contain the flow,
the well was declared sealed on September 19.
During several months they were having that leak.
So regarding the investigations, the reports placed
some of the blame of the accident on BP.
But also on Halliburton and Transocean,
that were the owners of the...
...of the Deepwater Horizon drilling facility.
So if we go to the results of the investigation,
they say that the explosive loss of the Macondo well
could have been prevented.
All the immediate causes of the Macondo well blowout
can be traced to a series of identifiable mistakes made by BP,
Halliburton and Transocean that reveal such systematic failure
in risk management that they place in doubt the safety culture
in the entire industry.
Finally, what they said was that that disaster showed
the cost of a culture of complacency.
A general underestimation of risks.
Also it points out the importance of organizational culture
and a constant commitment of industry with safety
from the highest levels of management, of course, to the lowest positions.
So here we have two different failures in safety culture
that led to two different disasters.
And now we can continue.